PLS-SEM applications have grown exponentially in the past decade (Hair et al., 2022), especially in the social sciences (e.g., Ali et al., 2018 Ringle et al., 2020 Willaby et al., 2015), but also in other fields of scientific inquiry, such as agricultural science, engineering, environmental science, and medicine (e.g., Durdyev et al., 2018 Menni et al., 2018 Svensson et al., 2018). Recent research, however, demonstrates the rise of partial least squares (PLS) as a composite-based alternative (Jöreskog & Wold, 1982).
For many years, estimating models with complex inter-relationships between observed concepts and their latent variables was equivalent to executing factor-based structural equation modeling (SEM).
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